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Question or Hint Answer or Word

Dependent variable The outcome or factor that a researcher is trying to explain or predict, which is expected to change as a result of manipulation or variation in the independent variable.
Hypothesis A specific, testable prediction about the relationship between variables that is formulated before collecting data in a research study.
Independent variable The variable that is manipulated or varied in a research study to observe its effect on the dependent variable. It is considered the cause in a cause-and-effect relationship.
Theory A set of interconnected ideas that explain how and why particular phenomena occur, providing a framework for understanding relationships between variables and guiding the formulation of research hypotheses.
Variables Attributes or characteristics that can take on different values or categories in research, such as age, income, or educational level. Variables can be dependent, independent, or controlled.
Causal validity Also known as internal validity, causal validity is the extent to which a study can establish a trustworthy cause-and-effect relationship between variables, ensuring that changes in one variable lead to changes in another.
Deductive research A type of research that starts with a theory or hypothesis and uses empirical data to test specific predictions derived from this theory. It follows a top-down approach, moving from the general to the specific.