Abstraction hides implementation details and shows only the essential features of the object. In Python, this can be achieved using abstract base classes (ABC) from the abc module.

Decorators are a design pattern in Python that allows modification of functions or methods without changing their actual code. They are often used for cross-cutting concerns like logging, authentication, or timing.

Polymorphism allows objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a common super class. It means "many forms" and is typically achieved through method overriding or operator overloading.

Encapsulation is the concept of bundling data (variables) and methods (functions) that operate on the data into a single unit, typically a class, and restricting direct access to some of an object’s components. This means that the internal representation

Inheritance is an object-oriented programming principle where a new class (child class or subclass) derives properties and behaviors (methods) from an existing class (parent class or superclass). The child class can inherit, override, or extend the functi

A class is a blueprint for creating objects (instances). It encapsulates data (attributes) and functions (methods) that work on the data. In Python, classes are defined using the class keyword and are the foundation of object-oriented programming.